1.GRATITUDE,COMPLEMENT & CONGRATULATION
2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
3. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
4. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
5. NOUN PHRASES
2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
3. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
4. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
5. NOUN PHRASES
6. NEWS ITEM
7. PASSIVE VOICE
8. NARRATIVE TEXT
8. NARRATIVE TEXT
9. INTRODUCTORY IT
10. SIMPLE FUTURE
11. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
11. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
12. INVITATION (WRITTEN)
13. FINITE VERBS
14. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
14. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
15. ASKING FOR INFORMATION
16. OFFERING
16. OFFERING
17.ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT
Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
· Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
· Kind of gratitude expression are :
Ø Thank you very much.
Ø Thank’s.
Ø I’m grateful to…….
Ø I want to thank.
Ø I want to express my gratitude to……..
Ø I keep forgetting to thank you for…….
· Responds of expressing :
Ø You are welcome.
Ø Don’t mention it.
Ø Not at all
Ø It was nothing at all.
Ø No problem
Ø Glad to be of help.
Ø (it was) my pleasure.
Ø I’m glad I could help.
Ø I’m glad I could do it.
Ø I’m glad I could be of help.
· Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
- What a nice dress.
- You look great.
- You look very nice.
- I really must express my admiration for you………
- Good grades.
- Excellent.
- Nice work.
Time to express compliment :
- On his/her general appearance.
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
- When other people do their best.
· Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
- Let me congratulate you.
- Congratulations on you successful business.
- My congratulations on your success.
- Congratulations on your promotion.
- Good!
- That’s great!
- Isn’t that wonderful!
- How fortunate.
- Splendid!
- Pretty good!
Surprises and Disbeliefs
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
- What a surprises?
- That’s very surprising!
- Really?
- Oh, no…………..
- Are you serious?
- What?
- That’s unbeliefable!
- Fancy that!
- You’re kidding!
- I find that hard to believe.
Surprising amazement of something :
ü Fantastic!
ü How marvellous/beautiful!
ü It’s very interesting!
ü It’s great!
ü It’s terrific!
ü Wow, that’s amazing!
ü Wonderful!
ü What a nice……
ü What a lovely flower!
ü Hey, that’s really terrific!
Example :
Hyo Joo : " Look ! I got "
Seung Ki : " That`s very surprising "
Hyo Joo : " I don`t know why "
Seung Ki : " Perhaps you did the wrong number "
When get a surprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :
* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?
Responds :
* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me
There are some ways to express surprise :
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
Hyo Joo : " Look ! I got "
Seung Ki : " That`s very surprising "
Hyo Joo : " I don`t know why "
Seung Ki : " Perhaps you did the wrong number "
When get a surprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :
* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?
Responds :
* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me
There are some ways to express surprise :
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
Modals In The Past Form
Modals in the past are :
· Could.
· Might.
· Would.
· Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Wenda : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Weny : “Why you don’t ask Made ? Perhaps she could help you.”
To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Dayanna : “Doni, can you climb the mango tree?”
Doni : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
· For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Eva : “What did you do on holidays?”
Rieke : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
· Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Woo Hwan : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Eun Sung : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
· To express polite request.
Example :
Andre : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Angel : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
· To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Chica, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Chica : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
· To tell possibilities
Example :
Tauvan : “Why is Jovan taking the bus to get home?”
Nova : “He might get a flat time.”
· To express polite request.
Example :
Hera : “Might I borrow your book?”
Nelly : “Yes, of course.”
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons extract word. We use quotation marks (" ")
Example of Direct Speech :
1. Bea said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Aning says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Ryan will say, “I will do my best.”
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)
Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Agnes said to Christa, "Don't worry about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Agnes told Christa not to worry about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Febri asked to Leti, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Febri asked if / whether she was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Vino said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Vino said that he worked hard the day before.
· In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Choky said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Choky ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Tian said, "Pradita, come here!"
Indirect : Tian told Pradita to come there.
3. Direct : Haris said to Ryan, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Haris forbade Ryan to disturb him.
Example :
1. Direct : Choky said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Choky ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Tian said, "Pradita, come here!"
Indirect : Tian told Pradita to come there.
3. Direct : Haris said to Ryan, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Haris forbade Ryan to disturb him.
Time change
Expressions of time if reported on a different day | ||
This (evening) | › | That (evening) |
Today | › | Yesterday |
These (days) | › | Those (days) |
Now | › | Then |
(a week) ago | › | (a week) before |
Last weekend | › | The weekend before last / the previous weekend |
Here | › | There |
Next (week) | › | The following (week) |
Tomorrow | › | The next/following day |
Tense change
Direct speech | Indirect speech | |
| Present simple She said, "It's cold." | › | Past simple She said it was cold. |
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." | › | Past continuous She said she was teaching English online. |
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." | › | Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." | › | Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday." | › | Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. |
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." | › | Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier. |
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." | › | Past perfect She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." | › | Past perfect continuous She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
Noun Phrases
Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.
The function of Noun phrase :
- Subject
Example :
The children play on the forest.
- Object
Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
- Complement
Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of Noun phrase :
Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
News Item
News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.Correspondence.· Newsworthy events :
Newsworthy events : Recounts the event in summary form.
· Background events :
Background events :Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
· Sources :
Sources :Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
- Action verbs.
- Verbal verbs.
- Mental verbs.
- Temporal circumstances.
- Spatial circumstances.
- Specific participants.
Example of News item :
Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP
A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.
Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used. The Generic Structure/Formula :
Passive Voice in Tenses : 1. Simple Present Tense Active : V1(es/s) Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3 2. Past tense Active : V2(ed) Passive : To be(was, were) + V3 3. Past Continuous Tense Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing To be(was, were) + Ving Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3 To be(was, were) + Being V3 4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense Active : been + V ing Passive : been + being V3 5. Future Tense Active : Be + V ing Passive : Be + being V3 Examples of Passive Voice
Examples of Passive Voice
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Narrative Text
Definition : A piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real events.
Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.
Generic Structure :
· TITLE
· Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
· Complication : A crisis arises.
· Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
· Moral Value : The message of the story.
1
Kinds of Narrative Text:
· Short Stories;
· Folklores;
· Legends;
· Fables;
· Myths; etc.
Features:
· Characters with defined personalities / identities.
· Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:
· Once upon a time;
· After;
· Before;
· A long time ago; etc.
Introductory It
When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject).
Example:
- It is easy to learn English. (=To learn English is easy.)
- It is easy to find fault with others. (=To find fault with others is easy.)
- It is difficult to know his motive. (=To know his motive is difficult.)
- It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
- It is dangerous to play with fire.
- It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
Note: that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
When the subject is a gerund phrase.
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
Example:
- It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
- It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
- Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
- It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note: that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
Then the subject is a clause.
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.
Example:
- It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
- It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
- It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
- It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
- It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied)
- It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )
Introductory it with seem, appear and look.
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
Example:
- It looked doubtful whether she would come
- It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
- It seems possible that she may quit the job.
- It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.
Introductory it as an object.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Example:
- Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
- I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
- I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
- I think it a pity that she could not win.
- We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
- He made it clear what he wanted.
- I find it difficult to talk to him.
Introductory it in questions.
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Example:
- Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
It is Peter who broke the window.
- Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
- When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.
It was at 10 am that the manager came.
Simple Future
The definition of future tense :
The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
The simple future is used :
to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
- You will help him later.
- Will you help him later?
- You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
- You are going to meet Jane tonight.
- Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
- You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
- I will send you the information when I get it.
- I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
- Will you help me move this heavy table?
- Will you make dinner?
- I will not do your homework for you.
- I won't do all the housework myself!
- A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
- A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
- A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
- I will call you when I arrive.
- If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
- I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
- Don't worry, I'll be careful.
- I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
- He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
- She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
- A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
- I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
- Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
- They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
- Who are you going to invite to the party?
- A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
- The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
- The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
- John Smith will be the next President.
- John Smith is going to be the next President.
- The movie "Avatar" will win several Academy Awards.
- The movie "Avatar" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
- When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
- When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
- You will never help him.
- Will you ever help him?
- You are never going to meet Jane.
- Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
- The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
- Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
- A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive.
The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object.
Example :
- Weny will visit Seoul (+)
- David Villa will not visit China (-)
- Will Kim Hyun Joong visit Indonesia? (?)
-
The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement.
Descriptive Text
Text Structure:
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups.
Example of Descriptive Text :
My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador . He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.
Invitation (Written)
To invite someone
¨ I would like you to …
¨ We would be pleased if you could …
¨ Would you like to …?
¨ Shall we …?
¨ How about …?
To accept an invitation
¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.
¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.
¨ All right!
¨ O.K.!
To refuse/decline an invitation
¨ I would love to, but …
¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
¨ That’s very kind of you, but …
¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.
Finite verbs
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
- the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
- the imperative mood (giving a command).
- the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
- the infinitive
- participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
- gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause, rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example: The finite verbs are the underlined words.
The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.
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